Sentence and Word Stress in English

The basic rules of sentence stress are:

1.   content words are stressed

2.   structure words are unstressed

3.   the time between stressed words is always the same

The following tables can help you decide which words are content words and which words are structure words:

Content words - stressed

Words carrying the meaning	Example
main verbs	SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY
nouns	CAR, MUSIC, MARY
adjectives	RED, BIG, INTERESTING
adverbs	QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER
negative auxiliaries	DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T

Structure words - unstressed

Words for correct grammar	Example
pronouns	he, we, they
prepositions	on, at, into
articles	a, an, the
conjunctions	and, but, because
auxiliary verbs	do, be, have, can, must

Rules of Word Stress in English

There are two very simple rules about word stress:

1.   One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)

2.   We can only stress vowels, not consonants.

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Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.

1 Stress on first syllable

rule	example
Most 2-syllable nouns	PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble
Most 2-syllable adjectives	PRESent, SLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy

2 Stress on last syllable

rule	example
Most 2-syllable verbs	to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN

There are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. The word present, for example is a two-syllable word. If we stress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: the words export, import, contract and object can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllable.

3 Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end)

rule	example
Words ending in -ic	GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic
Words ending in -sion and -tion	teleVIsion, reveLAtion

For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people say teleVIsion and others say TELevision. Another example is: CONtroversy and conTROversy.

4 Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)

rule	example
Words ending in -cy, -ty, -phy and-gy	deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy
Words ending in -al	CRItical, geoLOGical

5 Compound words (words with two parts)

rule	example
For compound nouns, the stress is on the first part	BLACKbird, GREENhouse
For compound adjectives, the stress is on thesecond part	bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned
For compound verbs, the stress is on the secondpart	to underSTAND, to overFLOW

Word Stress in English

Rule #1: With most nouns and adjectives with 2 syllables, the stress is on the first syllable

Example: PRO-gress, PRE-sent, EN-gine, IN-crease, RE-cord, JEA-lous, CAU-tious, AW-kward, PLEA-sant.

Rule #2: With most verbs with 2 syllables, the stress is on the last syllable.

Example: pre-SENT, in-CREASE, ad-MIT, an-NOUNCE, be-GIN, ar – RANGE, im-PRESS, de – CIDE, of – FEND, re-CORD.

Rule #3: The words ending in –TION, - SION, - CIAN are usually stressed on the second last syllable.

Example: e – du – CA – tion, in – tu – I – tion, con – cen – TRA-tion, de – mons – TRA – tion, per – MIS – sion, ob – SES – sion, mu – SI – cian, ma – GI – cian, tech-NI-cian. Exception: TE – le – vi –sion.

Rule #4: Words ending in –IC are usually stressed on the second last syllable.

Example: e – co – NO –mic, rea – LIS –tic, stra – TE – gic, me – CHA – nic, geo – GRA – phic, dra – MA – tic, pes- si – MIS – tic, a – ca – DE- mic, po – E –tic, e – LEC –tric,

Rule #5: Words ending in –EE, - OO are usually stressed on the last syllable.

Example: em – ploy – EE, gua – rant – ee, degr – EE, shamp – OO, tatt – OO, tab – OO. Exception: com- MIT –tee, COF - fee